2. Electromagnetic Interaction

According to convention, the field lines of a positive charge are directed outwards (out from the charge), while the field lines of a negative charge are directed inwards (into the charge). This can be explained by a positive charge constantly interacting with VG of the BF, exciting and converting them into virtual photon(s) (VP) that are radiated in every direction. This radiation produces field lines that are directed outwards and are linked together by means of strings as in the BF.

On the contrary, a negative charge interacts with VP from surrounding EM fields and converts them into VG that can be incorporated again to the BF. The direction of the field lines of an electric field is equivalent to the flow direction of the VP in the field. Therefore, the field lines of a negative charge are directed towards the charge.

A positive charge interacts with VG of the BF, thus producing VP that build an electric field. The stronger the positive charge, the more energy the produced VP have and the stronger the resulting electric field is:

[6]            E(VP) ~ q(+) E(VG)

Where E(VP):  Potential energy of a produced VP

  q(+):  Positive charge of an interacting particle

  E(VG):  Potential energy of an interacting VG

For this reason, the charge of a particle and the strength of its electric field are two different phenomena. Without the BF, positive charges would not be able to build electric fields. They would be potentially positive, but effectively neutral, since they could not interact with VG and produce VP of the corresponding electric field.

On the contrary, a negative charge interacts with VP from surrounding EM fields, thus absorbing their potential energy and converting them into VG that can become again part of the BF or interact with surrounding positive charges. Analogous to [6], the potential energy of a produced VG is here indirectly proportional to the negative charge of an interacting particle:

[7]               E(VG) ~ E(VP) / q(-)

Where E(VG):  Potential energy of a produced VG

  E(VP):  Potential energy of an interacting VP

  q(-):  Negative charge of an interacting particle

In summary, the total field strength of an electric field is directly proportional to the number of VP that build the field and to their individual potential energy:

[8]             Fe ~ n E(VP)

Where Fe:  Electric field strength

  n: Number of VP that build the electric field

  E(VP):  Potential energy of a VP in the electric field

A charge can build an electric field, only if the space is full of virtual particles. In our universe, VP emitted by positive charges can interact with negative charges and be converted again into VG of the BF. Therefore, our universe is a great electromagnetic circuit in balance.

Since the EM force is known to be approximately 1041 times stronger than gravitation, a VP must therefore have approximately 1041 times more potential energy than a VG in a gravitational field:

[9]                E(VP) = 1041 E(VG)

Where E(VP):  Potential energy of a VP

 E(VG):  Potential energy of a VG