This means that the potential energy (tension) of a string in an EM field is approximately 1041 times higher than that of a string in a gravitational field (see section 3 below). For this reason, in EM-interactions, VG are not converted into real photons in concordance with the case of neutral interactions, where VG are converted into RG. To produce a real photon, it would take approximately 1041 times more energy than in a neutral interaction. Therefore, EM-interactions produce only VP or convert them back into VG. These and other considerations will be treated furthermore in a future 2nd part of the article, "Elementary Particles."

Decisive for the spinning direction of an electric field is furthermore the direction in which the VP of the field are moving (and not that of the VG). Now electric attraction and repulsion will be discussed.

Two equal charges repel mutually because of the tension of the strings between the VP of the two fields. Two positive charges repel mutually because each positive charge radiates VP. Since VP are linked together in an EM field by means of strings, and these are very strong according to [9], VP cannot change from one field line to another. Therefore, if we try to approach two positive charges, the strings that maintain the VP linked together in each field produce a tension that tends to separate again both charges. This mutual repulsion is furthermore maintained by the VP, both positive charges are constantly emitting.

According to [6], the stronger the charges, the more potential energy the produced VP and the corresponding strings have. The result is that the repulsion between two positive charges increases with their charge.

On the contrary, two negative charges repel each other because each charge interacts with VP from surrounding EM fields and converts them into VG. There is a constant flow of rows of VP towards each charge that build two neatly defined fields since VP cannot change from one field to another. In addition, there is a constant competition for VP between two negative charges that produces a tension between both fields and repels them mutually.

Any electric repulsion or attraction is therefore proportional to the total tension (e.g. potential energy) of all the strings in the corresponding electric fields. Since every VP is linked to the corresponding electric field by means of 6 strings:

[10]                 Fq ~ 6 n E(S)

Where Fq:  Attraction or repulsion force of two electric charges

 n:  Total number of VP in both fields

 E(S):  Mean potential energy of a string in both fields

Two unequal charges attract each other because the positive charge produces VP that can interact directly with the negative charge. In this sense, two unequal charges support each other and a flow of VP from the positive to the negative charge takes place. There is also a flow of VG from the negative to the positive charge that is probably only partial, since a part of the VG might return to the BF due to their extreme volatility.

Remembering that there is a flow of VP from the positive to the negative charge, if we try to separate two unequal charges from one another, the strings in the combined electric field become tensed and a resistance appears since we are working in the opposite direction to the movement of VP in the field. On the contrary, if we approach two unequal charges, we work in the direction of the VP in the field, so that no tension appears. Since the tension of the strings increases if we separate two unequal charges one another and it decreases in the opposite direction, two unequal charges always tend to attract each other.

According to the above model, in a neutral atom, there is a closed circuit of VP between protons and electrons. Protons absorb VG from the BF and produce VP that interact with electrons and are again converted into VG.

A positive ion has an excess of protons that produces an excess of VP that leaves the atom along field lines. On the contrary, in a negative ion, the excess of electrons interact with surrounding VP and a negative electric field appears by means of field lines of VP that enter into the atom.

In consequence, an atom is electrically neutral if there is no interchange of VP with the surrounding space. Without the BF, any positive charge or ion would be electrically neutral since there would be no VG to interact with and no VP could therefore be emitted. Negative charges would also be electrically neutral in this case, since there would be no VP to interact with.