4. Magnetism

The flow of VP in a usual magnetic field is different to that of an electric field since there are no magnetic monopoles. The smallest possible magnet is the atom or a molecule. As we know, the field lines of a magnet run inside the magnet, from the north pole to the south pole, and outside of the magnet, from the south pole to the north pole (according to the BF-theory, there is a flow of VP in exactly these directions). An internal cyclic current¹ transfers energy to the VG of the BF, which are in this way converted into VP of the resulting magnetic field. Analogous to electric fields, a magnetic field is a "closed field" because of the high energy of VP [9] that make rotate the field, opposite to "open fields" like the BF and the gravitational field, where VG are not that energetic.

Since VP are linked also in EM fields by means of strings, they cannot move from one field line to another. In this sense, if we approach two equal magnetic poles, the field lines cannot interchange VP, so that a pressure on each field line appears and the strings between the VP of the fields become tensed. This tension is proportional to the repulsion force between two equal poles. The more we approach two equal poles, the smaller becomes the distance between two adjacent field lines and the higher the tension of the corresponding strings is. The result is that equal poles tend to repulse each other and this repulsion is proportional to the distance between both poles, e.g. between two adjacent field lines.

If we approach two unequal poles, the VP that come out of the south pole of one magnet enter without any impediment into the north pole of the other magnet. To do so, it is not necessary that VP change from one field line to another. The density of field lines between two opposite poles simply doubles and a unique circuit of VP appears. Since the combined magnetic field consists now of twice as much field lines (and VP) as in one single magnet, the magnetic force of the combined magnet is also approx. twice as high as that of one individual magnet.

In magnets, we see that without the BF, internal currents would not be able to produce VP since there would be no VG to interact with. In this case, there would be no magnets at all, as well as no positive charges or ions. In addition, there would also be no negative charges or ions since the VP with which they interact would have never been produced. In conclusion, without the BF, there would be no EM fields at all.

From the above considerations, it is evident that electric charges directly produce electric fields, and indirectly magnetic fields. Therefore, we can call electric fields "primary EM fields," while magnetic fields would be "secondary EM fields." In a stronger EM field (primary field) strings would have a higher tension than in a weaker (secondary) field.